How to Get Software Requirements Right

How to get Software Requirements right Abstract The importance of getting the software requirement right has made big difference to so many major projects in the IT industry. Many techniques and solutions have been developed for understanding and getting software requirements right first time in the software development life cycle, but fewer people are taking these techniques into account and this is the reason why most of the IT projects are failing. I define here how to get software requirements right and why it has become some important to get software requirements right.Introduction Requirements Analysis is known as the process which allows us to understand the customer needs and expectation from proposed software. It is the first and one of the main stages in the Software Development Life Cycle model. Software requirements are functional and non-functional requirements of the system, which includes a brief description of how a system should behave as well as brief descriptions o f a system’s functions. Software requirements can state what an application is expected to do.Outsource2India pointed out that â€Å"the software requirement analysis process includes the complex task of eliciting and documenting the requirements of all the users, modelling and analysing the requirements and documenting them as a basis for system design†. There are different level and types of software requirement, which should be defined to get software requirements right. As shown in Figure 1, Business level requirements are there to define the business problem, business opportunities as well as what business is requesting as a solution of the problem.A user level requirement looks at the functionality of the software from user’s view. Product level requirements are where we define functional and non-functional requirements of the system such as the functionalities of the software and the usability needs it should meet. The reason why Software Requirements is known to be very important and major role in developing a project is because it gives the developer a brief description of what he/she needs to develop. It gives them better understanding of a system, which results in better system.Eliciting, analysing and writing good requirements is the hardest and most difficult part of building a software system because if you don’t get the requirements right, it doesn’t matter how well you do anything else. It is said Outsource2India that â€Å"Software companies are now investing time and resources into effective and streamlined Software Requirements Analysis Processes as a prerequisite to successful projects that align with the client’s business goals and meet the project’s requirement specifications†.If the requirements of software are incomplete, software practitioners will end up building software that does not meet the needs of the customer and the user. State of the Art As mentioned earlier, requirement analysis is one of the most important phases in the entire software development life cycle. It is very important to identify and understand the software requirement before moving on to other phases of software development life cycle. It was said by Pooja. R. Gupta that â€Å"When project managers plan for the software development they need to plan for adequate time and resource allocation for this phase†.Experienced requirement analyst like Hooks and Ferry has said that result of getting requirement right, early in the project, can save one-third or more of the overall project budget, which again states how important it is to get software requirements right in order to save time, money as well as achieve goals of the software. Another experienced requirement analyst Leffingwell points out that if you get your software requirements right at the beginning then it can save you the cost of fixing requirements errors as the cost of fixing requirements account for 70% to 80% of yo ur rework costs.Getting requirements right is the most critical aspect of the software development cycle. Software Productivity Centre mentioned that most of the companies come up short; studies point to a failure rate of more than 60% for IT projects, with poor requirements as one of the top five reasons. Moreover, when requirements are specified early in the lifecycle, 80% of the functionality is relatively unwanted by the users and 45% of these features are never used. These problems mean costly rework, compromised product quality, delayed delivery on current projects and start of new ones, lost credibility and lowered revenue opportunities.Developing and managing requirements at the start of a software project can provide significant benefits to the whole outcome: – Quicker and easier to develop and deliver high value products. – Greater insights into development capacity and capabilities. – Better understanding of the organisation and customer needs. â€⠀œ Higher business and user satisfaction with the overall product. – Closer alignment with business goals and expectations. – Cost saving – Result of the product is what the company actually required so get a product that meets the requirements of the system. Reduces rework and conflicts which would have come from unclear and ambiguous requirements. How to get the requirements right? According to Pooja. R. Guptam, in order to get the software requirements right, it can be very beneficial to cover all the following aspects of requirement analysis: 1. Define the problem and High level description of the solution: It is very important to understand the problem and the need for solution. The requirement analyst needs to understand how the new solution going to help and what benefits it is going to provide to the company. 2.Cover needs of all stakeholders and users of the solution: At this point, you must identify and understand the needs of the stake holders as well the users who are ultimately going to use the new system because you need to produce the system, which meets user requirements. 3. Define what the solution should and should not do: It is very obvious that we might know what the solution should do but we always forget the we also need to understand and define what the solution will not do so that requirements can be stated in a manner that we won’t be left with any imagination or doubts. 4.Define the features required: This is one of the main tasks of a requirement analyst. It is very important to define the functional and non-functional requirements of the software solution before starting to design the solution. Defining the functional and non-functional requirement is not all that needs to be done; you must also make sure that they are the correct requirements. 5. Capture all supporting information: It’s a good idea to include and record details of any processes followed, workflow, information flow, etc. It is also beneficial to record any other information which might be relevant to the solution.Conclusion In my opinion, I believe software requirements play quite a big role in the whole software development life cycle. The experience of developing such software project has made it so clear how important software requirement can be. Defining software requirements earlier in the project can provide the best solution of a system at the end. In my personal experience of developing software projects has given me the idea of how to get software requirements right, which are to firstly create requirement definition because it is the foundation of effective software delivery.Secondly, define requirements among stakeholders to address their needs, business problems and the vision of the software so that stakeholder’s goals and objectives can be met because if stakeholders requirements are not met or unclear then the developer will have difficulty building the solution without rework, which res ults in longer development lifecycles and higher costs. By investing more time on software requirements early in the software development process can save time, effort as well as money in the short and long terms.By following these paths in developing software projects can lead to a successful system. As mentioned earlier about the types of requirements that should be identified before moving to other part of software life cycle. It is very important to define all the business level, user level and the product level requirements because a developer needs all of these requirements in order to develop the right software. It is a very idea to follow the software development life cycles, which defines that requirement analysis is the first process of developing a project.In my previous projects, I believe a software development model has helped in defining the right requirements so it is a good advice to take this into consideration when designing any kind of software projects. Requirem ent Definition process also helps in defining the right requirement. References James A. Ward http://www. stickyminds. com/sitewide. asp? Function=edetail&ObjectType=ART&ObjectId=9150&tth=DYN&tt=siteemail&iDyn=2 Software Productivity Centre http://www. spc. ca/dc_software_requirements. htm Pooja R. Gupta http://ezinearticles. com/? Five-Tips-For-Getting-the-Software-Requirement-Analysis-Right-the-First-Time&id=1714473IBM http://www. utdallas. edu/~chung/RE/Getting_requirements_right-avoiding_the_top_10_traps. pdf Brianna Smith, delivery engagement manager, Rational software, IBM Software Group Lisa Garrity, technical professional, Rational software, IBM Software Group Theresa Kratschmer, senior software engineer, Rational software, IBM Software Group http://www. modernanalyst. com/Resources/Articles/tabid/115/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/1084/Getting-Your-Requirements-Right-Collaborate-With-Stakeholders-To-Work-Smarter. aspx My project Management http://myprojectmanagement. com /category/requirement-analysis/

Diabetes Presentation Essay

Learning Team A was tasked to create a 15-20 slide presentation of a major health issue  prevalent in the United States. The group  chose the disease diabetes.  Diabetes is a disease that affects how your body  uses blood glucose. The glucose in your body is  important because it is an important source of  energy for the cells that make up our muscles and  tissues. It is the main source of fuel for our brain. Mellitus- Also known as Type 1 Diabetes, TD1; formerly insulin dependent diabetes or juvenile  diabetes.  Is a form of diabetes mellitus that results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing  beta cells in the pancreas. The subsequent lack of  insulin leads to increased blood and urine glucose. Polyuria (Frequent Urination) Polydipsia (Increased Thirst) Fatigue Weight Loss Blurred Vision Smell of acetone on the breath Abdominal Pain Nausea Diabetes Mellitus- Also known as  Type 2;formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes  mellitus (NIDDM),or adult-onset diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus-Is a metabolic disorder that is  characterized by high blood sugar disorder where it  is insulin resistance and relative to the lack of  insulin. Polyuria (Frequent Urination) Vaginal Infections Fatigue Blurred Vision Weight Loss Itchiness Peripheral Neuropathy Glycosuria Gestational  diabetes starts when your body is not  able to make and use all the insulin it needs for  pregnancy. Without enough insulin, glucose cannot  leave the blood and be changed  to energy. Glucose builds up in the blood to high  levels. This is called hyperglycemia. Gestational  diabetes affects the mother in late  pregnancy, after the baby’s body has been formed,  but while the baby is busy growing. untreated or  poorly controlled gestational diabetes can hurt your  baby. When you have gestational diabetes, your  pancreas works overtime to produce insulin, but the  insulin does not lower your blood glucose levels. levels. Although  insulin does not cross the placenta,  glucose and other nutrients do. So extra blood  glucose goes through the placenta, giving the baby  high blood glucose levels. This causes the  baby’s pancreas to make extra insulin to get rid of  the blood glucose. Since the baby is getting more  energy than it needs to grow and develop, the extra  energy is stored as fat. This  can lead to macrosomia, or a â€Å"fat†Ã‚  baby. Babies with macrosomia face health problems  of their own, including damage to their shoulders  during birth. Because of the extra insulin made by  the baby’s pancreas, newborns may have very low  blood glucose levels at birth and are also at higher  risk for breathing problems. Babies with excess  insulin become children who are at risk  for obesity and adults who are at risk for type 2  diabetes. Gestational diabetes  doesn’t cause  noticeable signs or symptoms. Rarely,  gestational diabetes may cause  excessive thirst or increased urination. According to the National Diabetes Education Program these are the risk factors for diabetes: 45 years old or older. Overweight – BMI > 23 for Asian American, 26 for Pacific Islander, or 25 for anyone else.  Have a parent, brother, or sister with the disease. Family background is African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, Asian American, or Pacific Islander. I have had diabetes while pregnant (gestational  diabetes) or gave birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds  or more. Have  been told that blood glucose (blood sugar)  levels are higher than normal. Have high blood pressure. Cholesterol levels are not normal – HDL (â€Å"good†)  cholesterol levels less than 35 or triglyceride level  higher than 250. Fairly inactive, physically active less than 3 times a  week. Have polycystic ovary syndrome (a set of symptoms  related to a hormonal imbalance that occurs in  females of reproductive age). The  skin around the neck or in armpits appears dirty  no matter how much it is scrubbed. The skin  appears dark, thick, and velvety. This is called  acanthosis nigricans. Have been told that have blood vessel problems  affecting the heart, brain, or legs. Set  a weight loss goal – The key to preventing  diabetes is to lose weight by eating healthy foods  that are lower in fat and calories and being  physically active. Set a goal that you can achieve,  they recommend 5 to 10 percent of your current  weight. Make healthy food choices – There are many weight  loss plans to choose from, but the DPP (Diabetes  Prevention Plan) showed that you can prevent or  delay the onset of diabetes by losing weight through  a low-fat, reduced calorie eating plan. Move  more – Try to get at least 30 minutes of  moderate-intensity physical activity five days a  week. If you have not been active, start off slowly,  building up to your goal. Any physical activity that  gets your heart rate up will do; walking, dancing,  swimming, biking, etc. You don’t have to do all 30  minutes at once, doing 10 minute sessions  throughout the day is fine. Diabetes is a endocrine systems disorder but affects all systems of the body: Eyes- Diabetes can damage the blood vessels in your eyes. This damage can lead to glaucoma, cataracts, structural changes to your retina, even blindness. When blood vessels are damaged, nerve signals can’t reach your eyes. In addition, having diabetes can lead to a buildup of pressure from fluid, which can compress nerves and other structures in your eye. Having a high level of blood sugar makes your kidneys work harder to filter your blood, and they can become overworked. This can lead to chronic kidney disease and complete failure. Having diabetes can also cause damage to your liver and cause a condition called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This means your liver is having difficulty processing fats. You may develop scar tissue on your liver and a condition called cirrhosis. Too much glucose circulating in the blood can damage any of the nerves in your body. This can lead to numbness, tingling and pain, especially in the legs and feet. If you develop cuts or sores you may not feel them, and they may heal very slowly. You may lose sensation in these areas, and if the damage is severe enough, amputations may be necessary. In  conclusion, diabetes can be potentially deadly  disease, effecting the whole body if left untreated. It  can however be easily managed through diet and  exercise, perhaps even avoided entirely by  practicing healthy eating habits and maintaining  regular exercise throughout life.

Analysis Of Crm In Media Saturn Holding Marketing Essay

Analysis Of Crm In Media Saturn Holding Marketing Essay Whereas Media Markt is present in fifteen European countries with its stores, and it is operating also online nearly in all countries (exept Turkey, Russia and China).In all other country markets, the company’s homepage in the respective country only gives product information and refers consumers to the local outlet. (Reference) prices are not indicated, because, as already indicated, they are calculated locally and thus are not valid nationally within the context of retail store business.The entry into e-commerce was combined with the market entry in Italy in 1999. In the course of the takeover of Media World, the online shop Media World.it started at the beginning of 2000 with 500 articles. Logo and design were adapted to Media Markt, but with orange, green and yellow, they were flashier. Later on, it was adapted gradually and since January 2000, the company belongs to the Media-Saturn Holding. Under company law, it had been a direct affiliate of Metro Italia up to that tim e. On the homepage of Media World.it, the button â€Å"Compro online† (online shop) used to be somewhat hidden between job advertisements and the repair service.However direct access is now possible on the homepage, enabling the customer to visit the online shop independently of visiting the homepage itself.On the shop’s main page, it was not very clear at the beginning how large the product assortment really was: apparently, about 500 electrical equipment articles in welve groups, from car radio to washing machine. By the end of 2000, the product range had been increased to 1,500 products, with the aim of ultimately having a shop with an assortment of 5,000 articles. At the beginning, the prices of the Internet shop represented an average of the prices offered at all 23 Italian outlets at that time. Media World stores were not yet represented in the South of Italy or in Sicily. However, deliveries from the online shop were possible to all of Italy from the central war ehouse in Monza.Today, prices are calculated on the basis of comparisons with those of domestic online competitors are indicated on the homepage at the respective product description and are communicated aggressively (Hedewig Mohr 2000). From thebeginning,Media World has guaranteed delivery within five working days, but freight costs depended on the weight of the goods.Up to the present, payment is mostly made with credit cards. Other countries did not meet with online shop that early unfortunately. Metro and Media Saturn management had a long discussion time about the current market requirements of the sector. Metro Group managed to convience the Media Saturn Holding by 2011 for multichannel and Media Markt went online in 2011 in Austria first. End of 2011 Saturn opened its online store in Germany. Media Markt Germany followed in early months of 2012. By then all counties launched their online operations one by one. Only Turkey,Russia and China not operating in online channel yet. But preparation are ready for Turkey and Russia. It is expected to have online channel in these countries soon. China is not yet clear.

Public Pension Replacement Rates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Pension Replacement Rates - Essay Example In pension systems where workers get substantially different payouts due to their differing incomes,  replacement rate is a common measurement which can be used to determine the effectiveness of the pension system† (Investopedia, 2011, par. 1). In the United States, the pension replacement rate is revealed as 40% (Reno and Lavery, 2007, 1) compared to 70% - 80% in Greece (Nelson, Belkin and Mix, 2010, 4). There is a variance in replacement rates which is caused by interplay of factors such as wage rates and profiles, broken career, and length of active life, among others. Variance in Replacement Rates According to the Indicators Sub-Group (ISG) of the Social Protection Committee (SPC) (2006), â€Å"variants include different lifetime earning profiles (linear profile from 80% to 120% and from 100% to 200% and concave profile) as well as one low wage variant (flat 66% of the average), but also the variants also include a calculation for a broken career† (9). Other varian ts that cause disparities in pension replacement rates are age of retirement and career length, as well as the level of rate of return (ISG of SPC, 2006, 10).

Planning and managing a major recruiting project Essay

Planning and managing a major recruiting project - Essay Example ique) approach is the right solution for such situations because it structures everything, breaks hiring process into smaller tasks and estimates time needed to do each of them. The article exemplifies the use of CPM/PERT on the real case that took place in the US Midwestern city. The search for Pension Financial Manager was vital because that person was responsible for $1.4 billion in pension funds and had to coordinate 8 consultants and assist the City Retirement System (Armacost & Jauernig, 1991). In order to make the right choice, it was decided to break the process of searching and hiring into smaller meaningful steps. It allowed the commission to estimate time and resources required to find new person and meet the deadline. As a result, the process consisted of 13 smaller activities; each of them was analyzed in detail to consider different factors of influence that can complicate the process. Generally, this approach to HR activities allowed making better projections and analysis (Armacost & Jauernig, 1991). Overall, the article comes to the conclusion that CPM/PERT approach is a good way to manage complex HR processes that are different from daily routine. Since every different case is treated as a project, it is vital to know how much it can take to make it happen. Having all plans and projections done, HR managers are more motivated to follow them and succeed at work. The article clearly explains why project management approach it good for HR processes and how managers can implement it in their work flow. At the same time, this article was written more than 20 years ago so it does not present the full picture in its modern state. Today HR managers can use a wide range of special software for planning and managing both ordinary and major HR processes. Despite this drawback, the article is quite informative as it is based on real example and explains the essence of implementing changes in HR processes. Also, it contains enough details about each stage

Home Food Deliver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Home Food Deliver - Essay Example From this essay it is clear that  the main target customers of this business are those who go to work and leave their children who are unable to cook for themselves at home. Such customers will be required to make their orders anywhere they are through phone calls and then provide the address to their homes, and the author will deliver the food to the children. Another group of customers that his business targets are the unmarried or people who are living alone without family and have difficulties in making their meals. These groups of people will be in a position to make their orders, and he will deliver the food to their respective homesteads.  As the paper discusses  the services will also consider people with special eating habits as prescribed by their doctors. For example, the diabetic people will have the freedom to choose the ingredients they require to be used in preparing their food and the ones their food should not contain depending on their doctors advice. There wi ll be free lunch weekends where he will be delivering free food to the loyal and regular customers to enhance customer loyalty and improve customer relation.  The market profile consists of the characteristics of the people the reporter expect would buy his services. These characteristics include age, social group, the location of the business and many other factors that the customers would consider to buy his services

Unit VIII Assessment#2 Treatment Method Reducing Particulate Matter Essay

Unit VIII Assessment#2 Treatment Method Reducing Particulate Matter - Essay Example The gas velocity is adjusted hourly based on concentration of the particulate matter found in the gaseous stream for instance when the particulate matter concentration increases the velocity is decreased to enhance efficiency. A controller is fitted to adjust the velocity when desired. It can also be configured so as to control regeneration of catalytic emission traps. There is also the use of electrostatic precipitators where particulate matter is removed by use of electrodes. The dust is charged with negative corona and adheres to electrodes that are used to collect the dust and are usually positively charged, the particulate matter is removed by tapping the cathode by a hammering device (Wang et al, 2005). The temperatures of the electrostatic precipitators are adjusted time to time to enhance effectiveness. According to Jess (2013) treatment methods to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions involves one, fuel denitrogenation that is removing the large amount of nitrogen that is contained in the fuels. There also use of selective catalytic reduction. In this method ammonia is injected to the flue gas so as to react with the nitrogen oxides possibly present and convert them to water and nitrogen (Jess, 2013). The catalyst present allows the reaction to take place at low temperatures. This method achieves up to ninety percent reduction. The other treatment method is use of activated carbon process which is either char or coke. This is where Nitrogen II oxide is reduced to NO through a carbon reaction which takes place at temperature of about 800C () and can reduce it by about sixty percent. Addition of ammonia can later be done to get nitrogen and

Stammering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Stammering - Essay Example This paper examines the causes, symptoms, effects of stammering and methods of treating and managing the condition. Causes of stammer Researchers have studied stammering for a long period but a lot of information about the disorder remains relatively unknown. However, research studies indicate that the condition is caused by a combination of several factors, including developmental and environmental factors. From these contributing factors, the causes of the disorder are classified into two groups namely developmental and acquired. The beginning of developmental stammering is during early childhood and it progresses to the adulthood. Normally 20 percent of children are affected by developmental stammering from the age of about two and half months. During this age, most children are learning about speech and language skills (Bogue, 2005). Developmental stammering is the most common type and it is normally characterized by repetition of syllable or words. These signs are accompanied by other secondary symptoms including observable physical tensions while speaking. As the child develops into adulthood, he or she may start avoiding people or situations that require verbal communication. However, many young children are not cognizant about their speech disruptions. Children who develop the condition early may experience various patterns of stammering. In most situations, the speech disruption is in two episodes, occurring in sequences of stammering followed by periods of relative speech fluency (Bogue, 2005). Developmental stammering is easy to manage and most patients recover from the condition. However, in other situations, the affected children encounter much more difficulties while speaking as stuttering develops into an advanced stage. In such children, the initial relaxed stammering develops into a more tense and repetitive speech disruption accompanied by pauses and speech prolongations (Bogue, 2005). According to Lewis (1902), the development of stammering i n children could be influenced by environmental factors such as parenting of the affected child. Exerting intense pressure on the affected child in order to acquire normal speech increases development of stammering, because it undermines the confidence of the child (SFA, 2000). In addition, unregulated speech correction techniques applied by guardians make the affected child to become more anxious and fearful, which are some of the factors that accelerate the development of more chronic stammering (SFA, 2000). As the child grows older, secondary stammering symptoms become evident. These include avoiding social contact and situation requiring verbal communication, rapid blinking of the eyes and trembling of lips. Other behavioral symptoms that develop after the child becomes cognizant of stammering condition include phobia of sounds, people and situations that involve talking. The secondary reactions to stammering become more evident in adolescence and early adulthood causing a lot o f humiliation, shame and disappointment to the affected persons. In rare situations, adults with normal speech ability acquire language impairments, which lead to stammering (Lewis, 1902). According to NIDCD (2007), acquired stammering sometimes occur from neurological impairment, arising from medical conditions such as stroke, injury or trauma on the head, brain tumors and abuse of certain drugs. Acquired

Discrimination in the Legal Profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discrimination in the Legal Profession - Essay Example Legal profession requires autonomy and independent functioning because legal system is a free activity. A legal professional has to execute his day-to-day activities continuously and effectively to the best of his ability. Usually only qualified lawyers render legal assistance. Now paralegal service is becoming popular; but there too, person needs qualifications and has to clear prescribed examinations.Lawyers have to offer legal advice, draft documents like wills, statements, contracts and represent their clients. They are also responsible for drawing up requests, pleadings, complaints, and motions. Definitely they are not allowed to carry out any activities that are detrimental to their profession. Unless otherwise determined by law, organisation would take up action against professionals who are not fully qualified to render legal assistance. Lawyers also have the right and duty to undertake any action, law permitting, for the benefit of their client. Lawyers can substitute for on e another at times of emergency or difficulty. Lawyers can deny legal assistance if clients are defying code of conduct or organisational code of ethics, or blatantly ignoring legal advice. If organisation gives a special duty to a solicitor, he can refuse it if it does not fall under the purview of his specialisation and can cancel a Power of Attorney and hence, legal professionals enjoy freedom and individuality.Safekeeping and returning of documents, signing documents with the seal of law office, protection of confidences.... If organisation gives a special duty to a solicitor, he can refuse it if it does not fall under the purview of his specialisation and can cancel a Power of Attorney and hence, legal professionals enjoy freedom and individuality. Safekeeping and returning of documents, signing documents with the seal of law office, protection of confidences and secrets, providing data available are part of duties imposed on lawyers by professional organisation. They are protected from arrests (unless they commit criminal activities), their offices cannot be easily searched without prior consent of a competent court, which will keep organisation informed of the search and Organisation's representatives should be present during the search. And during such a search, secret documents could not be violated as it might be injurious to the clients' cause and evidence obtained through such search cannot be used in the court against the client. Organisation allows the attorneys to charge according to the gravity of the case and even though there are definite rules governing the remuneration, mostly lawyers charge according to importance of case and client. Also lawyers are allowed to reimburse themselves from the deposited cash; but the immediate settlement of remaining cash is their responsibility. Organisation keeps data of their offices, change of addresses and situations, joint offices, affiliations of legal professions. Legal organisational membership is mandatory and organisations are the face of legal profession of that country. Usually organisations advice liability insurance contracts to its members. Solicitors who mainly work in magistrate and county courts, barristers who usually work in Crown Courts, legal executives and judges

A Brutal Choice Essay Example for Free

A Brutal Choice Essay Dont leave me here to die Do you agree that Cathy ODowd and here fellow mountaineers had no choice but to leave Fran to die? In the newspaper article Cathy ODowd clearly tries to make the reader believe that she did the right thing. She identifies this in the sub heading she faced a brutal choice: to risk her own life in a doomed rescue, noticeably the word doomed shows there was a severe risk of danger in any rescue attempt. I believe that in a way writing this article has allowed Cathy ODowd to exorcise some of her guilt, Cathy wants to explain her experience in full and get the reader to empathise with her. Finally, it may also be possible that Cathy wants to show the story in a feminine perspective. The article does undoubtedly give many good reasons why not to attempt to save Fran. But I am not completely shore that they had no choice but to leave Fran. The fact that there were nine people on the mountain and that together they couldnt even try to help rescue Fran is rather peculiar. I dont know what others would do, but I would at least try to help, rather than to just leave her to die. Also, Cathy states that they had been with Fran for nearly an hour pondering over what to do, this completely wastes time and any chances of saving her. Cathy is in a moral dilemma, and I believe the moral thing to do would be to attempt a rescue. The three Uzbek climbers that left her oxygen and supposedly tried to help saw Fran the day before this incident. She must have been in a better state then, and all they do is just leave a canister of oxygen. The Uzbek climbers then stay with the rest of the group and Fran, and help to watch Ian and Jangbu to see what decision they took, this is just more evidence of time being wasted and therefore lowering Frans chances of survival. In conclusion I believe that to live Fran to die was not the only choice they had. As I said, the morally correct thing to do would be to of least attempted a rescue, rather than to fritter away time.

Music in Casablanca Analysis

Music in Casablanca Analysis Casablanca is one of the classic love stories in American movie history. There are many ingredients are combined to make the successful film. One of main contributions that is the music of Casablanca and it should not be underrated. Max Steiner, one of the great Hollywood composers, drew upon the leitmotif and achieved many subtle effects of mood-painting and psychological commentary in his score. In this essay, one of scenes of Casablanca that will be discussed is about the conversation of Rick and Ilsa in Ricks bar after the Paris flashback from Ilsas entry. Timothy E. Scheurer mentioned in The Music of Casablanca that Max molded the theme to the situation, changing keys, augmenting the melody, altering its rhythms, and modifying its harmonic structure at points to emphasize its dramatic qualities. In his hands, it became a symbol of fulfilment, a melody expressing the happiness that comes with love. The music, As Time Goes By, originally wrote by Herman Hupfield, which has reorganized in the scene by Max. People may inevitably think of it when they remember the film. He transformed As Times Goes By to a number of contrasting variations. Audience may focus more on the actions or conversations of the characters and they may be attracted from others effect from the film. Also, they may say there was music but they did not notice about it and in fact that Max composed cues in numerous indication of instrumentation. They are given a certain feeling or emotion of the scene from what the producers are trying to express it such as music. The scene is about at the end of recalling Ricks memories in Paris; he is sitting at a cafà © table in the foreground and knocking over his glass of bourbon. Next, camera pans to the right and repositions him on the left and suddenly, the door is opened in the far distance in the middle of the screen. There is no music before Ilsa comes in which may indicate that both Rick and viewers are waiting for someone. The silence enhances the sinking feeling. In here, Max may attempt to give a break to audiences and leads them to get ready for this scene from the other. Until the door is opened, the music is begun and is played the Casablanca chord 2; the sinking chromatic scale (Marks, M. p. 167, 177), which give a sinking feeling to audience at the first point after the Paris flashback. It seems there are something will happen and it happens, Ilsa comes to see Rick and Rick seems waiting for so long. Martin Marks said that the chord in the first measure is marked for woodwinds, vibraphone, harp, piano, celesta, and horns; above the chord Steiner has written that it should be orchestrated like Reel 5, Part 4 (the mentioned scene in this essay). In other words, the whole music in this scene is played by these instruments or maybe more than these such as strings. However, the music is subdued which gives the effect on audiences is subliminal. Also, audiences when watch the whole scene, they can reach the counterpoint to the dialogues with the music. Max has even re-used the Casablanca chord 2 in Reel 9, Part 2, which the scene is Ilsas second return to Rick. The manipulation of the music is similar to Reel 4, Part 7, which the scene Ilsa first see Rick. In order to maintain the unity of the whole story, Max fragmented the music and put it into different scene to bring out different motion. Back to the scene, Ilsa appears wearing a white coat and scarf and she comes to Rick as he expected but she heightens his resentful feeling by telling him that she would not have came if she had known he was in Casablanca. Then, Ilsa tries to speak to him but he is sarcastic and refuses to listen to her explanations. With tears in her eyes, Ilsa attempts to explain her past history. Its about a girl who had just come to Paris from her home in Oslo. At the house of some friends she met a man about whom shed heard her whole life, a very great and courageous man. He opened up for her a whole beautiful world full of knowledge and thoughts and ideals. Everything she knew or even became was because of him. And she looked up to him and worshipped him which a feeling she suppose was love. Audiences may learn or guess that Ilsas admiration for Victor Laszlo is the source of her love for him. Ilsa is forced to face the fact that she has other loyalties and attachments that she should not aband on. Her life seems to lack independent action and it makes her separation from Rick appear more tragic than Ricks separation from her. For Rick, he hopes Ilsa is telling him the man who is Rick himself but ironically, he is forced to recognize the nature of the divided loyalties that Ilsa has to face and she choose to be with Laszlo. Obviously, Ilsa cares for Victor and is torn between the two men. She thought that she would never see him again. Audiences may appreciate the position in which Ilsa finds herself. Rick denigrates Ilsa to the level of a promiscuous. Ilsa thought that Rick would listen to her but he did not. The music is played with some heavy bass instruments, meanwhile, he continuous with his bitter dialogue, Tell me, who was it you left me for? Was it Laszlo or were there others in between? Or arent you the kind that tells? After that, Ilsa is with a tear running down her cheek and leaves Rick without further word. The sinking chord is playing again when Ilsa leaves Rick. Audiences are given a sympathy feeling for Ilsa that she should not be treated in this way because of her loyalty. On the other hand, they understand why Rick is being so cynical that he could not hold his love. When their conversation started, Max made the music in slow tempo and maintained in a quite high pitch. Marks showed that the Ricks bitter dialogue is with the variation 6 of As Times Goes By, Doom. Then, it is Ilsas turn to speak and tell her story and the instruments such as string and harp are stood out to present its feminine, which accompanies by what Ilsa is wearing (Virgin Mary wrap and mothers-like wearing) and the photographic effect on her which gives a blurring effect and spotlights are on her made her eyes are sparkling to made her so feminine. It seems Ilsa is still beautiful and attractive to Rick. When Ilsa is telling about her story, the background music also contains Laszlo Marseille and it may indicate that Ilsas life has already been with Victor and she cannot abandon Victor. It is hard for audiences to hear the music because Max has subdued it and audiences may recognize it unconsciously. As Times Goes By and Marseille is blended together may indicate a tale of two men vying for the same womans love in a love triangle. At the end of this scene, the music is again orchestrated as same as the beginning of it. It shows a clear entrance and exit of the scene with well organized music that audiences would know when the other scene is begun. To aspect of religious, the subconscious of Ilsas identity is shown to audiences and Rick as an angel of motherhood as a transfiguration. When Rick speaks again, music is played in low pitch and audience may hear the bass to perceive the identity of masculine, heroism. Audiences may learn that why Rick becomes a cynical man who is assumed a powerful man in Casablanca. When he is reminiscing the time in Paris, in which he was a more optimistic, more romantic and less cynical man. The flashback scene is an important cue to show why Rick is being so mean to Ilsa in this scene. The music is reinforced Ricks emotion inner his heart when he see Ilsa again. And now, audience know that Rick is drunk at this time, not thinking clearly and they know nothing about what Ilsa experienced. Audiences may tend to stay impartial until more of the story is revealed. The flashback has brought us to a point where we know enough about Rick to at least understand his motivations and viewers are better abl e to pass a judgment on him. In this scene, it seems that it is the time to show the truth why their relationship is unfulfilled. The music enhanced their feelings, sadness, anger and regretfulness to audiences. Scheurer said in The Music of Casablanca that we never hear the song played all the way through in one sitting in the film. As Rich and Ilsas love is fated to be never completely fulfilled, so the song presents itself to the viewers is fragments and is never complete. At the end of the scene, Max manipulated the music deliberately to be fragmentary at the beginning when Ilsa comes in and at the end when Ilsa ultimately left Rick again. The music is also used to be a connective to the past in which that sense of fulfilment was at hand but hand slipped away again. For its songs history, As Times Goes By is first published in 1931. It was perfectly applied to the film because of its evocation of the past. The melody in minor harmonic can deliver a message of a sense of bittersweet and nostalgia longing. Furthermore, in 1943, based on trends in popular music and theatre, during this time, the song with some nostalgia is certainly received warmly by movie audience. The song is worked musically and lyrically which speak of love eternal. Rick and Ilsas romance had made their own in the post with the song. Graphic score is also drawn in order to analysis its music effects the mood of the narrative. The whole sequence lasts for about 3 minutes. I have heard several times of the music with and without watching it. It gives a big difference. When I heard the music with watching it, I would focus more on what Rick and Ilsa are talking about. The volume of music is turned down when the conversations is started. The conversation is clearly to be heard the explanation of their relationship between Rick and Ilsa. However, sometimes, there are some strings and harps are played in high pitch. The most recognizable sound is played at the beginning and at the end of the sequence. When I hear the music without watching, it seems more music is coming out, for example, As Time Goes By is played by string and Marseille also can be heard. Music is constructed to convey the characters emotion perfectly. To conclude, according to Scheurer, It is to Steiners credit that, despite having so much of the score dictated by diegetic music (As Time Goes By and The Marseillaise especially), he was able to craft a score that has his indelible stamp. He took the source music and wove it into the leitmotif structure very effectively, and in the process, he transformed the songs. They seem larger, greater, and better pieces of music than we might think they are. This happens, no doubt, because the themes work in conjunction with other superb filmic elements (acting, directing, lighting, etc.). I agree with its statement that although music is an important element in producing a film, but it is not least to construct or make up a theme with other vital elements such as star power of Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergnan, colourful characters, remarkable acting performances, effective direction, skilled cinematographary and a good score. However, Max Steiner approached to catch as many cinematic detai ls as he can; not only in this discussed scene, but also to keep the music moving forward in the whole film. As Martin Marks said, Max shows a keen understanding of the narratives overall and musics ability to enhance it.

Attitudes of Chinese Immigrants in the U.S. :: History

Attitudes of Chinese Immigrants in the U.S. Attitudes about personal interest and career choices are influenced by a person‘s culture and age. â€Å"I want to be a pilot.† â€Å"I want to a lawyer.† Younger generations always decide their interest and what they want to do as their career based on their own benefit. Observing from the past in the U.S., very limited opportunity is offered to the Chinese immigrants. They might consider if they can do it, in stead of if they want to do it or not. Regardless of what education level they possessed most of the Chinese immigrant work as a waiter, waitress or some low paid jobs. However, the Chinese immigrants’ position in U.S. community is changing these years. Chinese immigrants are being appreciable in the U.S. community. As the changes, there were so many conflicts between younger and older generation who are Chinese immigrants after viewing on career choices and personal interest. I am interested in this topic and I have interviewed two people of differe nt generation who both earned a bachelor degree in the U.S. Except generation differences, they have got similar background. I am going to learn more about how different generations view personal interest and career choices. Vincent Kwan, an accountant in California, is a Chinese immigrant who moved to the U.S. with his family since 1971. Sandy Wong, currently a college student in Santa Monica College, immigrated to U.S. with her family since 1995. And her future goal is to be a politician in U.S. I have learned a lot about Chinese immigrants’ views career choices and personal interest. As the position of Chinese and the generation changed, they have different views with these two issues. They were all talkative and willing to share their personal feeling with me. First, Vincent and Sandy have similar views with personal interest. Nowadays, technology and equity is promoted in the world, especially in U.S. Him and Sandy agree that the status of Chinese become greater in America. Vincent grew up in a typical Chinese family, he wish to be a pilot when he was small. However he has banned this idea. The main reasons are because he didn’t have any chances to approach planes and his parents didn’t give him any support on this issue. â€Å"The most important factor of deciding career is the salary. It is because it will help you to achieve a satisfactory life.

School Violence :: Youth Children Violent essays research papers

There is definitely a problem with school violence today. The last three years have shown us that violence in our schools society is more common today then ever before. Whether the violence has to do with guns, knives, or just a simple fight, school violence is getting a little out of hand. There have been several school shootings in the last few years, and the number of school shootings seems to be growing rapidly these days. When the last figures were taken by the government educators had found more then 2,000 weapons stashed by students in lockers, backpacks and pockets in the 1996-97 school year. These school shooting and the findings of all these weapons makes parents wonder if their children really are safe at school anymore. When parents begin to worry about their children at school, everyone should realize there is far to much violence at school. School violence is a big issue, and the problem seems to be getting worse every year. National statistics show schools are the safest place in children's lives, but are we all so sure that this is true anymore? School violence has been growing rapidly for the past three years. Every time there is an occurrence of violence more kids are afraid to go to school. Every child has the right to an education in a safe and secure environment, and violence in our nation's schools seems to come as a threat to this right. This is one sign that school violence is out of hand, and something has to be done. School violence is probably one of the biggest problems in the nation, this is said due to all the school shootings that have taken place in the past three years. School violence is an issue that everyone may recognize but not everyone is doing something to help prevent it. In the past three years several school shootings have taken place, starting the 2nd of February 1996, in Moses Lake, Washington. Barry Loukaitis opened fire in his algebra class, killing 2 students and a teacher. There was another shooting in the same month, February 19, 1996. This shooting took place in Bethel, Alaska, killing the principal and a student. There were three more shooting in 1997, including the shooting in Pearl Mississippi on October 1, where two students were killed and seven were wounded, by a 16 year old boy.

Classification Essay - Three Types of Dieters :: Classification Essays

Three Types of Dieters A sad fact in American society is that thousands of people search for the elusive dream of being thin. On any given day, one finds neighbors, friends, and relatives on some kind of diet. Dieters assume various disguises, but the noteworthy ones are the "bandwagoneer," the "promiser" and the "lethal loser." Everyone wants to lose weight quickly and effortlessly; therefore, any fad diet promising overnight results becomes the new "call" of the "bandwagoneer." She tries the grapefruit diet or the watermelon diet, but she decides her stomach cannot possibly deal with all of that fruit. The next day the television advertises a new wonder pill that allows the user to lose up to ten pounds in one week, and the "bandwagoneer" answers the "call." Although the magic pill does not produce the desired weight loss, she never gives up hope for a new "wagon" to hitch onto. Once again, this dieter is lured by advertisements of instant spot reduction--liposuction. She crosses over the safety line into a danger zone of unknown procedures, performed by unqualified physicians. Some dieters lose their lives in the search for a beautiful body. The stomach staple is another dieting tool that dieters try. The staple yields a large weight loss, but the dieter endangers her health because of excess loss of body fluids. The "bandwagoneer" is always listening for the newest cure on the dieting market. A family wedding or a special dance is a logical reason for a woman to decide it is time to take off her few, unwanted pounds; however, decisions made in haste are hard to keep, and the "promiser" soon fails in her attempt. She is the dieter with only fifteen pounds to lose, and, as each year flies by, she decides dieting is harder than eating what she wants to, and much less fun! She promises to lose the extra weight for her ten-year class reunion, but her weight-loss pledge is not kept. Some women become "promisers" during their pregnancies, and they broadcast to all within hearing distance that they will lose the extra pounds as soon as the baby is born. The "tomorrow promiser" and the "Monday promiser" are the dieters with whom most people are familiar and whose excuses they know.

How Height Affects Time Taken for A Falling Object to Reach Ground Level Essay

Introduction: In this investigation, how height will affect the time taken for a steel ball bearing to reach the ground will be investigated. It is was Isaac Newton that first discovered gravity and wrote laws defining it. His Second Law of Motion states that the Resultant Force on an object (F) is equal to the Mass of the body (m) times its acceleration (a), or . The weight (W) of a body is the force of gravity acting on it, which gives it acceleration (g) if it is falling freely close to the earth’s surface. If the body was to have a mass (m) Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion could calculate its weight. Given that and Newton’s Law becomes . In April of 2003, in a method similar to that, which will be conducted in this investigation, the acceleration of gravity was concluded to be 9.81. Using the knowledge mentioned above, several equation of motion have been created. One particularly relevant to this investigation is . In this equation: S = Distance in meters (In this case height) u = Initial velocity in * t = Time Taken in seconds a = Acceleration in ** * As the ball begins its fall from rest, its initial velocity, u, will be 0 ** As the ball is falling under acceleration due to gravity, = 9.81 Plan: In this investigation, since the means to calculate air resistance and friction are unavailable, they will be ignored. Acceleration due to gravity and the method by which the investigation will be carried out are controlled variables. The height from which the ball is dropped is the independent variable, i.e. the variable that is changed and the dependent variable is the time taken for the ball to reach the ground. It is predicted that as the height from which the ball is dropped decreases, the time taken for the ball to reach the ground will also decrease. An actual set of predicted values can be predicted from the earlier mention Equations of Motion. This line of the equation can be related to the straight-line graph equation , (the gradient) and . When the ball is dropped from 0.00m, it takes 0.00seconds to reach the ground as this will mean that the graph will pass through the origin so . Alternatively: . Using the above equations, the expected results for the investigation are: Height H, (m) Time t, (secs) Time squared t2, (secs2) 1.0 0.452 0.204 0.9 0.428 0.183 0.8 0.404 0.163 0.7 0.378 0.143 0.6 0.350 0.123 0.5 0.319 0.102 0.4 0.288 0.082 0.3 0.247 0.061 0.2 0.202 0.041 0.1 0.143 0.020 0.0 0.000 0.000 This is what the expected graph of Height vs. time should look like: Height (m) Time (secs) The following page shows what the expected graph for Height vs. time2 should look like. It is a straight line passing through the origin, thus proving the prediction . The expected gradient, m, should be equal to 1/2 g, or, 4.905ms-2. It is actually 4.926ms-2, which is only 0.021 ms-2 out or 0.428%. This is probably due to the rounding of decimal places when drawing the graph and human error in plotting the points (i.e. not exactly accurate to 3 decimal places.) Apparatus & Diagram: Safety: As there is a very minimal risk in this investigation, no safety measures need to be taken. It is planned to drop the ball from a height of 1m and decrease in intervals of 0.1m. At each height 5 readings will be recorded and then the mean result will be calculated. This makes the results more reliable (and better for use in calculation like working out g or the mass of the steel ball.) The Results will be recorded in a table like this: Height (cm) Time taken for ball to reach ground (seconds) Mean Result Mean Result2 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 00 It is hoped that a graph of height vs. the mean results squared will be produced similar to that on page 4. In the graph, it is hoped to prove that the time-taken-for-a-ball2 to fall is directly proportional to the height it is dropped from, i.e. . Obtaining Evidence: Height (cm) Time taken for ball to reach ground (seconds) Mean Result Mean Result2 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 100 0.456 0.454 0.458 0.454 0.454 0.455 0.207 90 0.432 0.431 0.431 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.186 80 0.406 0.407 0.406 0.407 0.406 0.406 0.165 70 0.380 0.382 0.382 0.383 0.381 0.382 0.146 60 0.353 0.354 0.354 0.354 0.354 0.354 0.125 50 0.323 0.323 0.322 0.322 0.322 0.322 0.104 40 0.289 0.288 0.293 0.289 0.287 0.289 0.084 30 0.252 0.251 0.251 0.250 0.251 0.251 0.063 20 0.208 0.207 0.206 0.206 0.206 0.207 0.043 10 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.151 0.150 0.023 00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Graphs: In the following pages, the results recorded in the above table will be shown in the form of line graphs. This will make it easier to identify a trend in the results. It is also an appropriate method of recording the information and is useful for quick reference; also if the time for the ball to fall is desired from a height other than the ones specified in the table, the value can be obtained from the graph. Conclusion: The general trends from the graphs show, as predicted; when the height from which the ball was dropped decreased, the time taken for the ball to reach the ground also decreased. In the graph of Height vs. Time2,, it is shown that Height is directly proportional to Time2. The reason for this is derived from one of the Equations of Motion: , from this equation below, it was shown that . The final line of the above equation can be related to the straight-line graph equation . , (the gradient) and . C can be ignored as the line in the graph passes the y-axis at the orgin. Fundamentally: . H = S = The height in meters from which the ball was dropped. = The time in seconds that the ball took to land. a = g = The acceleration due to the gravitational pull of the earth. Note: The factor that affected the acceleration was g, (which, on earth, is ) is the mass of the planet, for Earth this is constant. The results of the investigation are consistent with the prediction. The relationship of was proved in the similarity of the graphs on page 4 & 8, they had almost the exact same gradient, only 0.072ms-2 in difference (or 1.462%) it was also very similar to the mathematical prediction of the gradient (1/2g) again only 0.051 ms-2 out. Evaluation: In this investigation, all results are held to be very reliable. When the data was being collected, sophisticated technology was used which measured time accurately and reliably to the nearest thousandth of a second. All recorded results were in very close proximity of each other, so that 0.006seconds was the maximum difference observed. There were no anomalies observed. All points on the graph on page 8 are not only close to the line of best fit, they are actually on it. The results in this investigation are believed to be very reliable; as a result no changes need to be made to the procedure.

Teacher Descriptive Essay

Lily Campbell Block 3 Mr. Watrous 18 September 2012 Who is Mr. Watrous? When we initially meet someone, we immediately tend to judge by physical appearance. This is somewhat of a natural instinct, although the way someone looks does not necessarily reflect the individual’s true self. When I first strolled into Mr. Watrous’s classroom, my first impression was that he’d be a stern, serious teacher. Soon after I heard him speak to our class, and even more after having him for a few blocks, I found that he is an amiable and whimsical man.My first impression of Mr. Watrous is nothing at all as his true personality. He’s actually quite an interesting teacher and very different from the majority. Mr. Watrous appears to be middle aged, as his dark brown, short hair is filling in with gray. He doesn’t seem to have wrinkles. Instead he has a clear, healthy looking face, impressive green eyes, and dark stubble from his beard. He’s about medium height fo r an adult man and has a thin, yet muscular frame. Mr. Watrous dresses different than most teachers at Central West.His most stylish outfits consist of â€Å"tablecloth† print, button up shirts, green pants, and two-inch heeled shoes. But what he regularly wears are collared or button up shirts, jeans, and dress shoes. In my opinion, Mr. Watrous’s appearance makes him appear as a strong, harsh kind of guy. But in reality, he’s far from that. In class Mr. Watrous is a mixture of both formal and informal. When lecturing, or directly asking questions he speaks and behaves quite formal. However, when he casually speaks with a student he’s more informal.Outside of the classroom Mr. Watrous’s speech is Campbell 2 more informal with the use of a lot of slang. For example, he refers to the people he’s speaking to as â€Å"man† often, despite their gender, as part of his normal vocabulary. In our class Mr. Watrous acts as he wants the best pos sible out of us. He seems really focused on preparing us for the future. He talks to us about college and our future constantly. He also teaches us the importance of speaking in formal and informal manner, and indirectly teaches us life lessons.One example I’ll never forget was that on the first day of school he assigned an almost impossible task of answering about 40 questions in 15 minutes, in attempt to teach us that we need to speak up and recognize ridiculous tasks requested of us. It seems that Mr. Watrous’s thoughts are really clever and strategic. Yet, when one asks him to describe how he thinks he says little of it is based on logic and he usually just ends up going with his gut. This is consistent with how Mr.Watrous teaches, he presents himself as a really smart, all-knowing guy, but as he’s teaching he is thinking of new things to say. In our classroom Mr. Watrous thinks a lot about his students and how to help them succeed, but outside of school he has more important priorities. He owns an art gallery and ranch, plus he has a family. Mr. Watrous probably thinks about his ranch very often since it needs maintenance. Since he is an artist, he is very creative, I’m sure he is constantly thinking of new things to paint. Just like any other husband/father Mr.Watrous is going to constantly think about his family. Students look up to Mr. Watrous and treat him very respectfully. He is appreciated by his students who trust him, and want to learn from him. Students will joke around with Mr. Watrous since he’ll joke around with us often also. Mr. Watrous treats his student in a respectful manner. Although he will be honest, and tell someone what is exactly on his mind. He holds our class up to high standards and wants us to be the best possible. If a student says â€Å"Um† he’ll mock them Campbell 3 very single time, hoping that we will eventually stop being unsure of ourselves and think before we talk. He doe s this so we will think before we speak and not be unsure or ourselves. Mr. Watrous is a different kind of teacher, but in a good way. His appearance is deceiving since he looks scary and mean. He’s really actually super nice and a laid back teacher. He acts different in his classroom and home settings. As a teacher his interest is in what’s best for his students. His students realize that so they respect and appreciate him very much.

Management Function Essay

All organizations depend on group efforts. Teamwork and group action have become necessary in every day of life, and it will lead to the success in group efforts. The management will be very important to the groups because it can helps to achieve group goals, provides maximum resources to his or her team, minimizes the cost, establishes sound organization, and generates more welfare to his or her team. Management functions, manager’s skills, management control and strategic management process will be analyzed to define how an excellent manager should be. Four Management Functions The four management functions comprise the primary functions to the managers. These four functions which are planning, organizing, leading and controlling can be used in all fields of management, be it at a factory, a super market, a restaurant or even at home. Planning Managers need to perform the planning function to define goals, establish strategies to achieve these goals and develop sub plans to coordinate activities for his or her team members. For example, as a merchandising manager in the supermarket chain business, the manager needs to define what the target customers like Western people, South East Asia people or East Asians the supermarkets want to attract. After define the goals are attract more and more Asian-Canadian families, the manager need to establish strategies like bringing Asian-Canadian families fresh foods and introducing the diversity of Asian food culture at stores that offer exceptional convenience, service, and value to those Asian customers. Then, lots of sub plans like which kind of merchandises should be imported and the merchandises’ price setting strategies will be developed by the manager and pass to different buyers to follow up. Organizing Managers need to arrange job duties to his or her team members to achieve the organization’s goal. The managers will determine what tasks should be done, who will responsible for the task and how the tasks are to be grouped. For example, as the merchandising manager in the supermarket chain business, the manager needs to organize his or her team to different group and each group will in charge of different merchandises by categories like drink, snack, rice oil and noodles. After different teams have been organized, each team’s supervisor will be selected by the merchandising manager. The buyers will report to their supervisors and the supervisors will report to the merchandising manager. Leading Managers need to lead their team members to achieve the organizations’ goals. The leading function will require the managers to provide good communication skills and lead ship skills to resolve the behavior issues. As the merchandising manager in the supermarket chain business, some conflicts will be appeared with different buyers. Buyers will provide some products that buyers want to promote to be the promotion products in each week’s flyer, due to the limited space of the flyer, not all the products will be selected to be the promotion products by merchandising manager. The manager will use the communication skills and lead ship skills to let the buyers know why their products cannot be selected and what they should improve next time. Controlling The last management function is controlling. Managers need to evaluate and monitor employees’ performance and make sure every step is correct to achieve the goals. As the merchandising manager, the merchandises’ sales are the key performance index to evaluate buyers’ performance. Usually, merchandising manager will use category sales to evaluate each team’s performance and total stores sales’ growth percentage to evaluate the whole department’s performance. Skills Required by Managers Technical skills, human skills and conceptual skills are three most important skills required by managers. Though these three skills, managers can know more about the specified filed they are working, have better interpersonal relationship with people and have more ideas when facing the complex situations. Technical skills Managers need have strong technical skills in the specified filed because the managers need to deal with his or her employees when the employees face some difficulties during the working. The managers will give help and lead the employees to solve technical problems to achieve the organizations’ goals. For example, as a merchandising manager in the supermarket chain business, he or she must have strong purchasing skills, budgeting skills, know well with different merchandises that are sold in stores and inventory management skills. Human skills Managers must have ability to work well with different employees. Managers with perfect human skills, they can receive more and more trust from their employees and the employees can make full effort to achieve the organizations’ goals. As the supermarket chain’s merchandising manager, he or she should get well not only with different buyers, but also with store levels’ employees. If the manager can work well with store levels’ employees, the products that they imported can be displayed very well and follow merchandising department’s pricing strategies, as a result, the company’s goal can be achieved easily. Conceptual skills Managers must have ability to analyze and provide solutions when facing difficulties or complex situations. In the business world, top-level management positions usually required to have this skill. For example, as the merchandising manager in the supermarket chain business, when the new store will be opened, the manager will use conceptual skills to analyze what the best location is, what the best merchandises will be on shelf and what the target sales will be generated and so on. Also, if one of categories’ sales was continuing decreasing in the past several weeks, the manager need provide insight and solutions to the category team to help them overcome the difficulties. Two Views of Management Control Omnipotent view of management: The traditional view of managers is that they are directly responsible for organizations’ success and failures. When the organizations’ performance is poor, the managers should provide reasons and solutions; when the organizations’ performance is good, the managers should get the credit even if they only do little things to achieve the goals. Symbolic view of management Managers only have limited effects on organizational outcomes and performances because of the large number of factors like customers, competitors, government policies and economy outside the control of managers. Both omnipotent view of management and symbolic view of management purpose are to achieve organizations’ goals and provide the excellent performance to the organizations. As well, either omnipotent view of management or symbolic view of management, managers needs to make decisions within organizations when something happened. Like the merchandising manager in the supermarket chain business, if stores’ sales are continuing decreasing, whatever the reason is merchandises’ price are not attractive or the outside economy is in downtrend, the manager need provide insights and solutions to improve sales for the company. However, there are big differences between omnipotent view of management and symbolic view of management. The managers will in charge of everything for organizations’ success and failures under omnipotent view of management; but under the symbolic view of management, lots of external factors will affect organizations’ performance, so the managers do not have big effects on organizational outcomes and performances. As the merchandising manager in the supermarket chain business, when stores’ sales are continuing decreasing, the manager will think if customers do not like the merchandises that they imported or the merchandises’ price is too high for the customers under omnipotent view of management, then the manager will provide solutions to improve the sales; however, under the symbolic view of management, the manager will think about if stores’ sales were effected by strong competitions in the market or the downtrend of economy. Strategic Management Process Step1: identify the organization’s current mission, goals and strategies Explain: The mission, goals and strategies of an organization are very important to employees, especially for managers. Managers need to create scope work by step to achieve organizations’ goals, missions and strategies. Example: A supermarket Inc. mission is that attract more and more Asian-Canadian families, bringing Asian-Canadian families fresh foods and introducing the diversity of Asian food culture at stores that offer exceptional convenience, service, and value to those Asian customers. The merchandising manager need bring in more Asian products to the stores to attract customers. Step2: do an internal analysis Explain: An internal analysis about the organization’s resources and capabilities will be done to indentify the organization’s strength and weakness Example: The merchandising manager will do an internal analysis to indentify the company’s strength which is have different kinds of Asian foods cross grocery, produce, seafood and bakery and weakness which is lack of experience about what kind of western foods is suitable for Asian customers. Step3: do an external analysis Explain: An external analysis about the business environment, government policies, and competitions will be done to help managers know opportunities and threats for organizations. Example: The merchandising manager will do an external analysis to know the opportunities and threats for the company. Opportunities are more and more Asian families move to Toronto and lots of labor supply in the market. Threats are the strong competitions exist in Toronto’s Asian supermarkets field. Step4: formulate strategies Explain: After identify organizations’ missions and finished internal and external analysis, managers need formulate strategies to achieve organizations’ mission base on SWOT. Example: The merchandising manager formulates the strategy which is open more new stores to achieve the company’s mission. More and more Asian families move to Toronto and lots of labor supply in the market, new stores will be easy opened and can attract more Asian customers. Meanwhile, strong competitions exist in the market, the company need to increase the number of stores to low the products’ cost. Step5: implement strategies Explain: After managers formulate the strategies, lots of members will be involved to implement the strategies to achieve organizations’ goals. Example: The merchandising manager will request his or her buyers to import more Asian merchandises for new stores, work with the store operation department to decide the layout of stores and work with finance department about new stores’ budget. Step6: evaluate results Explain: After the strategies were implemented, managers need to evaluate the results to see if achieve the organizations’ goals and make any adjustments if necessary. Example: After new store was opened, the managers need to calculate if store’s sales had been achieved the target. If not, the manager will provide solutions to improve store sales immediately.

Cow

Cattle (colloquially cows) are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius. Cattle are raised as livestock for meat (beef and veal), as dairy animals for milk and other dairy products, and as draft animals (oxen or bullocks) (pulling carts, plows and the like). Other products include leather and dung for manure or fuel. In some countries, such as India, cattle are sacred.From as few as 80 progenitors domesticated in southeast Turkey about 10,500 years ago,[2] an estimated 1. 3 billion cattle are in the world today. [3] In 2009, cattle became the first livestock animal to have a fully mapped genome. [4] SpeciesMain article: Bovini Cattle were originally identified as three separate species: Bos taurus, the European or â€Å"taurine† cattle (including similar types from Africa and Asia); Bos indi cus, the zebu; and the extinct Bos primigenius, the aurochs. The aurochs is ancestral to both zebu and taurine cattle.Recently, these three have increasingly been grouped as one species, with Bos primigenius taurus, Bos primigenius indicus and Bos primigenius primigenius as the subspecies. [5] Zubron, a cross between wisent and cattleComplicating the matter is the ability of cattle to interbreed with other closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between taurine cattle and zebu (such as the sanga cattle, Bos taurus africanus), but also between one or both of these and some other members of the genus Bos – yaks (the dzo or yattle[6]), banteng, and gaur.Hybrids such as the beefalo breed can even occur between taurine cattle and either species of bison, leading some authors to consider them part of the genus Bos, as well. [7] The hybrid origin of some types may not be obvious – for example, genetic testing of the Dwarf Lulu breed, the on ly taurine-type cattle in Nepal, found them to be a mix of taurine cattle, zebu, and yak. [8] However, cattle cannot successfully be hybridized with more distantly related bovines such as water buffalo or African buffalo.The aurochs originally ranged throughout Europe, North Africa, and much of Asia. In historical times, its range became restricted to Europe, and the last known individual died in Masovia, Poland, in about 1627. [9] Breeders have attempted to recreate cattle of similar appearance to aurochs by crossing traditional types of domesticated cattle, creating the Heck cattle breed. Word origin†Cattle† did not originate as the term for bovine animals.It was borrowed from Old French catel, itself from Latin caput, head, and originally meant movable personal property, especially livestock of any kind, as opposed to real property (the land, which also included wild or small free-roaming animals such as chickens — they were sold as part of the land). [10] The word is closely related to â€Å"chattel† (a unit of personal property) and â€Å"capital† in the economic sense. [11][12] The term replaced earlier Old English feoh â€Å"cattle, property† (cf. German: Vieh, Gothic: faihu). The word â€Å"cow† came via Anglo-Saxon cu (plural c? ), from Common Indo-European g? ous (genitive g? wes) = â€Å"a bovine animal†, compare Persian gav, Sanskrit go, Welsh buwch. [citation needed] The genitive plural of cu is c? na, which gave the now archaic English plural of â€Å"kine†. The Scots language singular is coo or cou, and the plural is â€Å"kye†. In older English sources such as the King James Version of the Bible, â€Å"cattle† refers to livestock, as opposed to â€Å"deer† which refers to wildlife. â€Å"Wild cattle† may refer to feral cattle or to undomesticated species of the genus Bos. Today, when used without any other qualifier, the modern meaning of â€Å"cattle† is usually restricted to domesticated bovines. citation needed] Terminology Look up cattle or cow in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A Hereford bullIn general, the same words are used in different parts of the world, but with minor differences in the definitions. The terminology described here contrasts the differences in definition between the United Kingdom and other British-influenced parts of world such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and the United States. [13] An â€Å"intact† (i. e. , not castrated) adult male is called a bull. A wild, young, unmarked bull is known as a â€Å"micky† in Australia. 14] An unbranded bovine of either sex is called a â€Å"maverick† in the USA and Canada. An adult female that has had a calf (or two, depending on regional usage) is a cow. A young female before she has had a calf of her own[15] and is under three years of age is called a heifer ( /? h? f? r/ HEF-? r). [16] A young female that has had only one cal f is occasionally called a first-calf heifer. Young cattle of both sexes are called calves until they are weaned, then weaners until they are a year old in some areas; in other areas, particularly with male beef cattle, they may be known as feeder calves or simply feeders.After that, they are referred to as yearlings or stirks[17] if between one and two years of age. [18] A castrated male is called a steer in the United States; older steers are often called bullocks in other parts of the world,[19] but in North America this term refers to a young bull. Piker bullocks are micky bulls that were caught, castrated and then later lost. [14] In Australia, the term â€Å"Japanese ox† is used for grain-fed steers in the weight range of 500 to 650 kg that are destined for the Japanese meat trade. [20] In North America, draft cattle under four years old are called working steers.Improper or late castration on a bull results in it becoming a coarse steer known as a stag in Australia, Ca nada and New Zealand. [21] In some countries, an incompletely castrated male is known also as a rig. A castrated male (occasionally a female or in some areas a bull) kept for draft purposes is called an ox (plural oxen); â€Å"ox† may also be used to refer to some carcass products from any adult cattle, such as ox-hide, ox-blood, oxtail, or ox-liver. [16] A springer is a cow or heifer close to calving. [22] In all cattle species, a female twin of a bull usually becomes an infertile partial intersex, and is a freemartin.Neat (horned oxen, from which neatsfoot oil is derived), beef (young ox) and beefing (young animal fit for slaughtering) are obsolete terms, although poll, pollard or polled cattle are still terms in use for naturally hornless animals, or in some areas also for those that have been disbudded. Cattle raised for human consumption are called beef cattle. Within the beef cattle industry in parts of the United States, the older term beef (plural beeves) is still use d to refer to an animal of either sex. Some Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and British people use the term beast, especially for single animals when the sex is unknown. 23] Cattle of certain breeds bred specifically for milk production are called milking or dairy cattle;[13] a cow kept to provide milk for one family may be called a house cow or milker. The adjective applying to cattle in general is usually bovine. The terms â€Å"bull†, â€Å"cow† and â€Å"calf† are also used by extension to denote the sex or age of other large animals, including whales, hippopotamuses, camels, elk and elephants See also: List of animal names Singular terminology issue A herd of CattleCattle can only be used in the plural and not in the singular: it is a plurale tantum. 24] Thus one may refer to â€Å"three cattle† or â€Å"some cattle†, but not â€Å"one cattle†. No universally used singular form in modern English of â€Å"cattle† exists, other t han the sex- and age-specific terms such as cow, bull, steer and heifer. Historically, â€Å"ox† was not a sex-specific term for adult cattle, but generally this is now used only for draft cattle, especially adult castrated males. The term is also incorporated into the names of other species, such as the musk ox and â€Å"grunting ox† (yak), and is used in some areas to describe certain cattle products such as ox-hide and oxtail. 25] A Brahman calf†Cow† is in general use as a singular for the collective â€Å"cattle†, despite the objections by those who insist it to be a female-specific term. Although the phrase â€Å"that cow is a bull† is absurd from a lexicographic standpoint, the word â€Å"cow† is easy to use when a singular is needed and the sex is unknown or irrelevant – when â€Å"there is a cow in the road†, for example. Further, any herd of fully mature cattle in or near a pasture is statistically likely to consi st mostly of cows, so the term is probably accurate even in the restrictive sense.Other than the few bulls needed for breeding, the vast majority of male cattle are castrated as calves and slaughtered for meat before the age of three years. Thus, in a pastured herd, any calves or herd bulls usually are clearly distinguishable from the cows due to distinctively different sizes and clear anatomical differences. Merriam-Webster, a US dictionary, recognizes the sex-nonspecific use of â€Å"cow† as an alternate definition,[26] whereas Collins, a UK dictionary, does not. [27]Colloquially, more general nonspecific terms may denote cattle when a singular form is needed. Australian, New Zealand and British farmers use the term â€Å"beast† or â€Å"cattle beast†. â€Å"Bovine† is also used in Britain. The term â€Å"critter† is common in the western United States and Canada, particularly when referring to young cattle. [28] In some areas of the American Sou th (particularly the Appalachian region), where both dairy and beef cattle are present, an individual animal was once called a â€Å"beef critter†, though that term is becoming archaic.

Australian Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Australian Media - Essay Example The media coverage offered a concrete context for a national response to the question whether Australia should become a republic (O'Shaughnessy, pg 185). The contemporary Australian media has diversified into a more intricate operational structure and digressed from its old way of functioning. In the recent epoch, the unrestrained growth of Australian media has made it an important subject of studying if it is performing the dual job of entertaining and educating or has it streamlined its purpose to offering nothing but entertainment Like many other media industries in the world, Australian media industry is also dominated by a group of multi-billion dollar corporations which forces their will and on the various forms of Australian media like, television, radio, internet and newspaper. Television is among the most influential tools of media which forms a quasi-indispensable part of the daily life of an Australian. The cultural mingling and confluence of different external sources have a collective impact on the integrity and reverence of this audio-visual form of media in the country. Ever since mainstream professional television was launched in 1956, the broadcasters had striven to influence the lifestyle of the people. Since television is a part of the media industry, it cannot escape the general trend of this perennially lucrative industry to attract the customer with their uniqueness and fatten their profit margin. In the pursuit of making a name for itself in the media industry, the television channels try to produce shows and programs without considering much about its educative value and the type of message they are conveying. Australia has currently 6 free-to-air networks which include ABC, Seven Network, Nine Network and SBS. Considering the expanse of Australia, each of these channels covers a large region and thus has the potential to influence a bigger audience. From the people's point of view it is expected that every media industry should aim at distributing information that concerns its audience and entertain them with light-hearted shows. Be it the television or any other form of media, it is their onus to maintain the equilibrium in their content so that they do not get inclined on one aspect overlooking the other completely. ABC network has its number of channels operating all over Australia. These main government-owned TV channels seem to understand their social obligation to educate their audience and enrich them culturally. Starting from showing documentaries to critically acclaimed plays, the channels bring before the people the deeper subjects of the world. This widely broadcasted Australian channel has a proper segmentation of shows which are broadly categorized into children's adventure shows, documentaries, and talk shows with the celebrities and political stalwarts. The channels are also consistent in broadcasting religious shows along with the travelogues and wildlife shows. The edifice of success which ABC has built for itself is not based on the foundation of entertaining motive only. Some of the long running programs in Australia like, Mr Squiggle, Play School, Children's media program Behind the News, A Big Country and Music icons Countdown and rage may have the element of entertainment but they also come with an affirmative educative value. The online version of ABC

Response to the Web Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response to the Web - Essay Example Facts quoted in this article such as, the surrender of China's long-time head Zhou Youngkang are backed up with the reference of an article posted in Financial Times. The article accurately reported about the role of those networks that are responsible for cruel repression of prodemocracy (Mackinnon). Despite, reference from Financial Times, the credibility of this article is doubted as Financial Times has not cited the names of senior communist party members. Also, it is noticeable that in the article Mr. Bo has been suspected for wasting much capital for the sake of protecting his own responsibilities towards nation. He has also been suspected for corruption, insubordination, and most prominently in case of British businessman's murder. The article highlights that in this murder case his wife has also been suspected, but the author has not provided any logical reason or reference behind this fact about Bo and his wife (Mackinnon). Moreover, the web source informs that Mr. Xi is bel ieved to have been chosen as a new president under the compromise between the factions. This fact has also not been supported by any credible source; however it is correctly quoted that the protection of the state is a foremost priority of all communist party members. The article says that China is a dangerous and de-destabilized place, mainly due to Zhou YongKang decisions and actions in past. However, no other source has ever complimented China as an insecure or underdeveloped state, but the author has only referred the words of Joshua Rosenzweig an independent human rights researcher based in Hong Kong. The author should have fairly cited a logical reason behind this claim of Mr. Rosenzweig (Mackinnon). Also, the author has not even briefly mentioned in what context he has pointed out the acts of Zhou Yongkang over past decades. Further, author has quoted in another fact about China with reference to Mr.Rosenweig and has written that Mr. Zhou's ministry "had become so powerful th at it had the makings of second party centre rivaling the number one and number two means the president and premier (Mackinnon). Here, the author should have put a suitable example to prove the statement of Mr.Rosenweig as a stronger claim over political system and situations of Chinese government. Further, in the article it has reflected that the rights of citizens will be protected and the power of government will become limited. This seems a fair reporting as a full flash editorial article of the communist party`s flagship newspaper has been referred here to support the cause and effect of new slogan in Chinese government (Mackinnon). Additionally, it is noticeable here that China is a communist country and it does not let international media to cover important political matters of the state. Therefore, whatever facts that are presented in this article related to two reformist parties cannot be completely trusted (Mackinnon). Chinese politics has no transparency; thus it cannot b e said that this article truly reflect whatever is going on behind the curtain to secure the issue matters related to Chinese government. The author has randomly referred an observer, without mentioning about his/her role of designation or relationship with the Chinese politics and has written that it is expected that reform wing will intend to behave differently under new leadership. Neither backup has been given for this claim nor has the complete information been provided to clear about the expected difference in acts

BG Group Plc Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BG Group Plc Analysis - Coursework Example BG Group is one of the listed companies in the London stock Exchange (LSE). The British Gas plc divested Centrica and the company was created. BG Group marks its presents in 5 continents. Demand and Supply Factors First consider the demand side factors which include weather, demographics, economic growth, consumption of fuel, storage of the products and exports. The cyclical pattern seems to be the demand pattern for natural gas. The demand follows the step path in the coldest months while the opposite is the nature of demand in the hotter months (EIA, 2008). The demand tends to rise slightly in summer to meet the demand of natural gas for electric generators. Demand also increases when there is growth in the economy. Cyclical pattern is the nature of the demand curve. Storage of the produced is difficult for the companies in this sector and so excess supply cause a fall in the price level. The supply side factors are the capacity of the pipeline through which the transportation of n atural gas takes place, drilling of the gas and technological advancement. The price of electricity also has a major role to play in the demand and supply frameworks of natural gas. As several competitors compete in the market, the price is set at the equilibrium level. Recently there has been technological advancement in the demand for natural gas. The rising electricity prices are the main reason for this situation. The appliances operated through natural gas can now compete closely with the electrical appliances causing demand to shoot up. The short term barriers affecting the supply of natural gas are availability of skilled workers and equipment, permitting and well development, delivery disruptions. The barriers that affect in increasing the supply of natural gas are onshore and offshore access, the financial environment (Natural Gas, n.d.). Market Structure The consumers of natural gas are now exposed to choice and competition. The government does not regulate the price mecha nism. The price is set by the demand and supply conditions. Generally the price is set at the level where demand equals supply. (Soligo and Jaffe, p.2). The figure above shows the demand for gas over the past 30 years. The nature of international gas market is experiencing change. Bilateral contracts between the buyers and sellers are the characteristic of markets outside the U.S. The increased liquidity in the market has called for the emergence of non-contract LNG market. The producer owns the gas at wellhead and sells to the marketers, less developed countries and sometimes to the end users. The market for natural gas faces a significant setback. The market for other commodities can immediately react to the change in demand and supply conditions but this type of market takes time to react to such situations mainly because to increase the supply of natural gas it is required to lease land and acquire the permission of the government. Seismic work and drilling the path towards the pipeline needs a lot of time. The lifetime of the existing wells will come to an end at some point and the amount of production they are capable to produce involves uncertainty. Necessities to compete in the market The company should have access to non-competitive facilities at non-discriminatory terms and

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Economics - Essay Example In this case, the government may increase spending or reduce taxes or simultaneously adopt both measures to raise the aggregate effective demand. In this case, the government faces a budget deficit. Adopting an expansionary fiscal policy facing a situation of depressed economic activities reflected in lowered aggregate output levels and rising unemployment is the Keynesian prescription. Such policies are considered by governments during economic downturns. Contractionary Fiscal policy refers to a situation of raised taxes or lowered government spending or both in pursuit of curtailing the aggregate demand. Generally such policies are adopted to counter an inflationary situation fuelled by rising demand. Adoption of contractionary fiscal policies is considered during the upturns of the business cycles. An expansionary fiscal policy is illustrated in the diagram below using a standard IS-LM framework. As government spending rises with or without reduced taxes, the aggregate effective demand rises for all rates of interest and thus assuming sufficient unused productive capacities this implies a decline in unsold stocks leading to increased output for all rates of interest thereby leading to a rightward shift in the IS curve. As a result, the aggregate real output rises (Y1 to Y2) and so does the real rate of interest. The rise in rate of interest is caused by a rise in the government borrowings. However this rise in interest rates dampens the private inducements to invest. This is known as a crowding out effect as in essence private investments are crowded out by raised government borrowings (Mankiw, 2002). Thus, we see that while an expansionary fiscal policy may be successful in increasing the real aggregate national income and generating employment, it also leads to a decline in private investments which in turn reduce the effective demand. Thus, in the process of increasing borrowings to fund the excess spending or reducing taxes,

Can and should the marketplace be inclusive to all consumers Essay

Can and should the marketplace be inclusive to all consumers - Essay Example It will examine the problem that the aged face when companies decide to advertise and sell their commodity through the media and social networks. The paper will also try to explain how the aged can be integrated in the fashion industry. According to Macnicol (2005), age discrimination has a long history going back to 1930s, and even today it is a topic of debate in Britain. In the current world, many old people have a feeling that they are overlooked and ignored in the market. For example, in the designing of shopping complexes in the street. There are many old people who cannot obtain a service or the product that they want- whether from cinemas, restaurants or newspaper. This is because things have changed, so there is nothing that suits their taste. According to Mumel and Prodnik (2005), this discrimination has led the aged to stay away from this market. They consider themselves less fortunate and burden to society. According to Birtwistle and Tsim (2005), a fashion designer that can adopt and agree to cater for the individual needs of aging women will do quite well because it has a high potential, unsaturated market. Fashion designers have failed to provide old people with clothes that are psychologically, physically and socially comfortable. Psychological comfort gives the old person a well-being sense (Kunze, Boehm, & Bruch, 2011). Old people want clothes that will make the public have a positive mind and respect them. Physical comfort is achieved when the older people put on clothes that protect them from heat, humidity and cold. Their social comfort will be achieved by wearing clothes that will make them presentable and create a good impression to the public. The old also feel excluded in todays media. Images of the youth dominate the media today. Older peoples pictures are of two categories: one portrays old people as decrepit, aimed at generating sympathy and enable other people to contribute to them (